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Oncologist

The cancer doctor. Thirteen years of training, some of the hardest conversations in medicine, and a field that gets better almost every year.

Typical pay
$265,930a year
Time to qualify
13 to 15 yearsafter high school
Demand
Moderate
License needed
Yesregulated job

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  1. 1.MoneyWhat you earn and what it costs to get there.5 screens
  2. 2.EducationThe exact path from high school to qualified.5 screens
  3. 3.OptionalThings you don't need, but that help.2 screens
  4. 4.ExtrasDay to day, pros and cons, where you'd work.4 screens
  5. 5.FactoidsThings people don't tell you.4 screens

Quick answers

How much does an oncologist make in the United States?

The median pay is about $265,930 a year. Across everyone in the job it runs from about $69,170 at the lower end to about $452,360 at the upper end. The source is listed under Sources at the end of this page.

How long does it take to become an oncologist in the United States?

13 to 15 years after high school, on the usual route.

What does it cost to become an oncologist?

$200,000 to $360,000 all in for tuition, fees, exams and kit. Living costs are not counted.

Do you need a license to work as an oncologist in the United States?

Yes. It is a regulated job, so you need a license or registration before you can work.

What is the job outlook for an oncologist in the United States?

Moderate demand nationally, from government outlook data. Demand varies by region, so check your area.

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Oncologist salary in the United States

What you earn and what it costs to get there.

What the wage survey shows

Median for the group

$265,930

Bottom tenth

$69,170

Top tenth

$452,360

The federal wage survey has no oncology category. It files the specialty under Physicians, All Other, a mix of specialties. In the 2025 federal wage survey that group's median is $265,930 a year, the bottom tenth earn $69,170 or less and the top tenth $452,360 or more. These figures describe the whole group, not this specialty alone, and they count only physicians paid a wage, so doctors who own their practice are largely missing.

While you are training

$71,052 to $86,292 a year

Duke University Hospital pay from the first to the sixth year of training, 2026 to 2027

From the day after medical school you are a salaried hospital employee for 5 or 6 years of residency and fellowship. Each hospital sets its own scale. The interest on your medical school loans is running the entire time. Nationally, the AAMC (Association of American Medical Colleges) survey of 345 teaching hospitals puts the average first-year stipend at $68,166 as of July 1, 2025, and about $81,807 in the fifth year. Read from the AAMC's data, downloaded in a browser with Claude in Chrome on 6 November 2026, because aamc.org refuses our checker.

The top quarter of the group

$378,770 a year or more

25% of the Physicians, All Other group earn this or more

The federal survey does not say which specialties make up the top quarter, and it only counts physicians paid a wage, so partners and self-employed doctors are largely missing from it. University and hospital jobs pay a steady salary with research time.

What it costs to get there

Bachelor's degree, in-state public university
Roughly $11,000 to $16,000 a year in tuition and fees
Medical school, four years
Commonly $40,000 to $70,000 a year all in, less at a public school in your own state
Admission test, applications and interviews
$3,000 to $8,000 over an application cycle
Licensing exams
$695, $695 and $955 for the three steps of the national licensing exam

Roughly, all in

$200,000 to $360,000

Tuition, fees, exams and kit. Not rent, food or travel

The low end is a community college start, a bachelor's degree finished at a public university in your own state, and a medical school in your own state at the cheaper end of $40,000 a year. The high end is four full years of undergraduate study at $16,000 a year plus a medical school nearer $70,000 a year all in. Both include $3,000 to $8,000 for the admission test, applications and interviews, and $695, $695 and $955 for the three steps of the national licensing exam. Most graduates borrow and finish with large debts, but the residency and fellowship years count toward the ten years of qualifying payments for loan forgiveness if you train at a nonprofit hospital, which matters more here than almost anywhere because the training is so long.

Most graduates borrow, and the debt is large. Fill out the FAFSA (Free Application for Federal Student Aid) every year. If you train and then work at a nonprofit hospital or a university cancer center, the Public Service Loan Forgiveness program counts your residency and fellowship years toward the ten years of qualifying payments, which is worth an enormous amount to oncologists specifically because the training is so long.

The kinds of oncologist

  • Medical oncologist

    Treats cancer with drugs: chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy. The doctor who manages the whole case. This is the path described on these cards.

  • Radiation oncologist

    Treats cancer with radiation. A separate residency, no internal medicine years.

  • Surgical oncologist

    A general surgeon with extra fellowship training who removes tumors. A surgical path, not a medical one.

  • Pediatric oncologist

    Children's cancers. A pediatrics residency, then a fellowship.

How to become an oncologist in the United States

The exact path from high school to qualified.

The path to becoming an oncologist, step by step

One of the longest training routes in American medicine. Thirteen years after high school is the fast version.

  1. 1

    High school

    Grades 9 to 12

    Biology, chemistry, physics, calculus and English. Grades matter from ninth grade because medical school admissions look at your whole college record and your college depends on this one.

  2. 2

    Bachelor's degree

    4 years

    Any major, as long as you finish the science prerequisites and keep a high GPA. Take the medical college admission test in your third year.

  3. 3

    Medical school

    4 years

    Two years of science, two years of clinical rotations, ending with a doctor of medicine or doctor of osteopathic medicine degree. You also pass the first two steps of the national licensing examination.

  4. 4

    Internal medicine residency

    3 years

    Paid hospital training, matched through the national residency match. Long hours, and where you decide oncology is what you want.

  5. 5

    Hematology and oncology fellowship

    2 to 3 years

    Accredited by ACGME (the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education). Most programs combine blood disorders and cancer into one fellowship. Board certification follows.

High school courses that help you become an oncologist

  • Biology and chemistry

    Cancer is cell biology and the drugs are chemistry. Both are prerequisites for every medical school.

  • Statistics

    Oncology runs on clinical trials, and reading one properly is a daily professional skill.

  • Physics

    Tested on the medical college admission test, and behind the imaging you order every day.

  • English and psychology

    You will tell people their treatment is not working. How you say it is part of the job, not a soft extra.

Time and money, at a glance

Years after high school
13 to 15
Degree needed
Doctor of medicine or doctor of osteopathic medicine, plus a fellowship
Total cost
Roughly $200,000 to $360,000 before aid
Paid while training?
Yes, from residency onward, on a hospital salary

Licensed by the state, certified by a board

Every state medical board issues its own license, and all of them build it on the same national examination: the USMLE (United States Medical Licensing Examination), taken in three steps across medical school and the first year of residency. On top of the license sits board certification, which is voluntary in law and required in practice by hospitals and insurers. An oncologist is board certified first in internal medicine, then in medical oncology, and usually in hematology as well. Certification has to be maintained for the rest of your career.

Where people train

  • In-state public medical schools

    Far cheaper for residents of that state, and they usually reserve most of their places for them.

  • Designated cancer centers

    The National Cancer Institute designates a set of comprehensive cancer centers across the country. A fellowship at one puts you next to the trials.

  • Large academic hospitals

    Where the combined hematology and oncology fellowships are. Competition for places is national, not local.

  • Community oncology programs

    Smaller fellowships with less research and more patient volume. A good fit if practice, not a lab, is the goal.

What helps you get ahead as an oncologist

Things you don't need, but that help.

Ways to specialize further

  • One cancer type

    Breast, lung, gastrointestinal, blood cancers. At academic centers almost everyone narrows to one.

  • Bone marrow transplant

    An extra year on top of the fellowship. Intense and hospital based.

  • Clinical trials research

    Designing and running trials. Often paired with a research degree and grant funding.

  • Palliative care

    A separate board certification in managing symptoms and end of life care. Changes the whole shape of the job.

  • Precision oncology

    Matching treatment to the genetics of a tumor. The fastest moving corner of the field.

Nice-to-haves

  • Research experience as an undergraduate

    A laboratory or clinical research job before medical school opens academic doors later.

  • A second language

    You are explaining treatment risks to families. Doing it through an interpreter is slower and worse.

  • Volunteering at a cancer center

    Sit with patients during infusions. It tells you very early whether you can do this work.

  • A way of switching off

    The doctors who last in oncology all have something outside it. This is not advice, it is the pattern.

What being an oncologist is really like

Day to day, pros and cons, where you'd work.

What an oncologist does day to day

Clinic most days: fifteen to twenty patients, each a half hour, some there for a routine check and some to hear scan results. Reviewing imaging and pathology before each one. Writing chemotherapy orders and checking blood counts before treatment can go ahead. A tumor board meeting where surgeons, radiologists, pathologists and oncologists argue out a plan together. Phone calls to insurers about a drug that costs more than a car. Then two or three conversations you will remember for years.

The honest pros and cons of being an oncologist

The good

  • You treat a disease that is genuinely being beaten back, year by year
  • Long relationships with patients and their families
  • A group median of $265,930 a year, and cancer care in every region
  • Research and clinical work can be mixed in one career

The hard parts

  • Thirteen to fifteen years of training and very large debt
  • Patients die, and some of them are your age
  • Endless fights with insurers over drugs you know the patient needs
  • Burnout is a real risk in oncology

Work life

Typical hours
50 to 60 a week, plus call
Remote work
Some follow-up by video, the rest in person
Physical demand
Low
Unionized
Rarely, though resident physicians increasingly are

Things nobody tells you about being an oncologist

Things people don't tell you.

Two million diagnoses a year

The National Cancer Institute estimated about 2,041,910 new cancer cases in the United States in 2025, and about 618,120 deaths. Roughly 38.9 percent of people will be diagnosed with cancer at some point in their lives.

Death rates keep falling

The overall cancer death rate in the United States has fallen since the early 1990s. From 2018 to 2022 it dropped 1.7% a year in men and 1.3% a year in women.

There are eighteen million survivors

About 18.1 million people in the United States were living after a cancer diagnosis as of January 2022, and that number is expected to reach 26 million by 2040. Looking after survivors, years after treatment ends, has become a large part of the job.

Oncologists argue in public, on purpose

Nearly every major cancer treatment decision comes out of a tumor board, a weekly meeting where surgeons, radiologists, pathologists and oncologists lay out the same case and disagree in front of each other. It is one of the few places in medicine where the plan is built by committee.

How an oncologist compares

Every list is built from the same numbers shown above, so you can see where this career sits next to the others.

More health careers in the US

Doctors first, then the rest of the field. See every career in health.

Where these numbers come from

Last checked November 2026. Pay figures are typical full-time annual amounts in United States dollars, based on Bureau of Labor Statistics wage data and published pay scales. They vary by state, employer and experience. Tuition is for in-state students at public schools unless the card says otherwise. How every figure on this site is sourced and checked.

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