You record, mix and run sound for music, film, television and live shows. Nobody checks your diploma, they listen to what you have mixed.
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Pay, the path, pros and cons and the facts on one printable page. Counsellors: send it to a student from your own email in one click.
The median pay is about $73,130 a year. Across everyone in the job it runs from about $37,570 at the lower end to about $137,370 at the upper end. The source is listed under Sources at the end of this page.
1 to 4 years after high school, on the usual route.
$1,500 to $51,000 all in for tuition, fees, exams and kit. Living costs are not counted.
No. There is no license to hold, though many employers still ask for training or a certificate.
Limited demand nationally, from government outlook data. Demand varies by region, so check your area.
Or read the whole thing here
What you earn and what it costs to get there.
Median
$73,130
Bottom tenth
$37,570
Top tenth
$137,370
The national median is $73,130 a year. The bottom tenth earn $37,570 or less and the top tenth $137,370 or more (2025 federal wage survey). That is a wide spread for one job title.
$37,570 to $49,910
What the bottom tenth to bottom quarter of sound engineering technicians earn, 2025
Assistants, runners and local stagehands usually start here. Early work is hourly, irregular and often through a staffing agency or a venue's casual list. Plenty of people do it alongside a second job for two or three years.
$115,190 a year
The median in New Jersey, the highest of any state
The District of Columbia is next at $106,630 and New York at $87,510. The lowest is Utah, at $36,400. State medians from the 2025 federal wage survey.
Roughly, all in
$1,500 to $51,000
Tuition, fees, exams and kit. Not rent, food or travel
There is no license, so the low end is a basic rig of your own, a laptop interface, monitors and decent headphones, and learning on sessions and live gigs. This field hires on the work you can play someone, which is why that route exists, but breaking in without contacts is slow and unpaid at first. The high end is four years at a public university in your own state at about $12,000 a year, the national average, plus your own gear. Private audio and music schools charge $25,000 to $50,000 a year: check their job outcomes hard, because the bottom tenth of sound engineering technicians earn $37,570 or less and a loan that size is punishing.
Fill in the FAFSA (Free Application for Federal Student Aid) if you go the degree route. Be careful with expensive private audio schools: this field hires on your work, and a big loan is hard to pay off when the bottom tenth earn $37,570 or less.
Day rates
Freelance studio and location work is priced per day, and you chase the invoices yourself.
Salary
Post production houses, broadcast stations and larger churches and theaters hire staff engineers with normal benefits.
Touring
A weekly rate plus a daily allowance for food while on the road, paid only while the tour runs.
Union scale
Film, television and many large venues pay negotiated rates through a stagehand or technicians union, usually with health cover and a pension.
The exact path from high school to qualified.
There is no license and no required qualification. You are hired on what you can do and who will vouch for you.
High school
Grades 9 to 12
Record everything. Your band, the school play, a podcast, a friend's short film. Two years of bad recordings is how everyone starts.
Pick a route
1 to 4 years
A four year audio degree, a one or two year certificate, or teaching yourself while working at a venue. All three produce working engineers.
Learn one recording program properly
Ongoing
Depth in one industry standard program beats a shallow tour of five. Studios and post houses ask what you know before they ask where you studied.
Assist, intern, push cases
1 to 3 years
The real apprenticeship. Set up microphones, coil cables, take notes and be early. Most first paid jobs come from someone who saw you do that.
Build credits and specialize
Ongoing
Live sound, music mixing, dialogue editing for picture or broadcast. Your credit list is your qualification.
Physics
Waves, frequency and resonance are literally the job, and the theory papers in any audio program lean on it.
Music
You do not have to play well, but you do need to hear structure and talk to musicians in their own words.
Computer courses
Audio work is computer work. File management, networks and troubleshooting are daily.
Drama or media production
Practice running sound for a real show with a real deadline.
No state licenses sound engineers and the title is not protected. What replaces regulation here is union membership. Film, television and most large theaters and arenas in big cities run on union crews, and getting on that roster takes hours logged, a sponsor and sometimes a waiting list. In practice the union card matters more than any diploma, because it sets your rate, your overtime and your health cover.
Middle Tennessee State University
A public university with a Bachelor of Science in Audio Production covering recording, live sound, sound for picture and immersive audio.
Berklee College of Music
Private, expensive, well connected. Programs in music production, music technology, electronic music and sound design.
Your own state's public universities
Many have audio or music technology tracks, and in-state tuition makes them the cheapest degree option by a wide margin.
Community colleges
Short certificates in audio production or live event technology, useful and cheap if you want the tools without the debt.
Things you don't need, but that help.
Dialogue editing and re-recording for picture
A steady corner of the field, and the one where clean, patient work is noticed.
Immersive and surround mixing
Streaming platforms and cinemas want it, and relatively few engineers can do it well.
Networked audio systems
Running digital audio over a building's network is now standard in venues, stadiums and broadcast, and system technicians are short.
Broadcast audio
Steady salaried work at television and radio stations, with predictable hours that touring and studio work never have.
A driver's license
Gear moves in a van. Freelancers without a license lose work to freelancers with one.
Basic electronics and soldering
Being the person who can fix a cable at 6pm keeps you employed.
A short, honest reel
Three finished pieces you actually mixed beats twenty clips you helped on.
Showing up early, every time
This is not a joke. Reliability is the most common reason engineers get called back.
Live sound means nights, weekends, heavy cases, travel and the same show sounding different in every room. Studio and post production means daytime hours, one chair, one screen and a lot of small decisions nobody will ever notice. Most people find out which one suits them by doing both badly for a while. Touring wrecks your sleep. Post can get lonely.
Day to day, pros and cons, where you'd work.
In at nine. Open yesterday's session and pick up where you left off, cleaning dialogue line by line, taking out chair squeaks and traffic rumble that nobody should hear. Mid morning a director sits behind you for a review and asks for changes you will spend the afternoon on. You eat at your desk. Late afternoon you bounce a version, check it on three sets of speakers because it has to hold up on a phone as well as in a cinema, and send it. Live sound is the opposite: load in at two, sound check at five, doors at seven, out at one in the morning.
The good
The hard parts
Things people don't tell you.
O*NET (Occupational Information Network) counts about 15,000 sound engineering technicians (2025) and projects a decline in the job to 2035, with about 1,000 openings a year. It does not mean you cannot get work, it means you have to be genuinely good.
The CALM Act (Commercial Advertisement Loudness Mitigation Act), signed in December 2010, made an industry loudness standard mandatory for television commercials. That is why broadcast audio has strict loudness targets, and why a broadcast engineer spends real time measuring numbers rather than trusting their ears.
Noise induced hearing loss is permanent. Working engineers wear measured earplugs at loud shows, keep monitoring levels lower than people expect, and get their hearing tested. Losing the top of your hearing range in your thirties ends the career.
Every list is built from the same numbers shown above, so you can see where this career sits next to the others.
Film, TV and music first, then the rest of the field. See every career in creative.
Last checked October 2026. Pay figures are typical full-time annual amounts in United States dollars, based on Bureau of Labor Statistics wage data and published pay scales. They vary by state, employer and experience. Tuition is for in-state students at public schools unless the card says otherwise. How every figure on this site is sourced and checked.
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