Find out what is in the air, water and soil, then write the report that makes somebody deal with it.
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Programs in the fields this career usually comes through. Each has its own page: what it takes to get in, the courses you need and what it costs.
The median pay is about $82,220 a year. Across everyone in the job it runs from about $52,520 at the lower end to about $140,010 at the upper end. The source is listed under Sources at the end of this page.
4 to 6 years after high school, on the usual route.
$30,000 to $88,000 all in for tuition, fees, exams and kit. Living costs are not counted.
No. There is no license to hold, though many employers still ask for training or a certificate.
Good demand nationally, from government outlook data. Demand varies by region, so check your area.
Or read the whole thing here
What you earn and what it costs to get there.
Median
$82,220
Bottom tenth
$52,520
Top tenth
$140,010
The national median is $82,220 a year, the bottom tenth earn $52,520 or less and the top tenth $140,010 or more, in the 2025 federal wage survey. This is a broad job title covering consulting, state and federal agencies, and company compliance staff, so the spread is real rather than a rounding problem.
$52,520 to $64,490
The bottom tenth and bottom quarter of environmental scientists and specialists, 2025
A field scientist at a consulting firm or a state agency usually starts in this lower part of the range. Year one is mostly field work: collecting samples, logging data and driving between sites.
$107,970 or more
What the best paid quarter of environmental scientists and specialists earned in 2025
The jump comes when you stop collecting the data and start signing off on it. Senior roles mean managing projects, sealing reports and bringing in clients.
Roughly, all in
$30,000 to $88,000
Tuition, fees, exams and kit. Not rent, food or travel
The low end is two years at a community college and then a transfer to an in state public university to finish the four year degree, plus a credential exam or two. The high end is all four years at the public university price followed by a two year master's degree, which many research and consulting roles expect. Master's students who work as research assistants often have tuition waived and receive a stipend, so the top figure can fall sharply. Federal and state agency work counts toward Public Service Loan Forgiveness.
File the FAFSA (Free Application for Federal Student Aid) every year. A Pell Grant does not have to be paid back and covers a real share of in-state public tuition. Federal agency and state agency work counts toward the Public Service Loan Forgiveness program.
Consulting firms
Hired by companies that need permits, site investigations or cleanups. Often with a lot of travel.
State environmental agencies
Writing and checking permits, inspecting sites, responding to spills. Strong benefits and a pension.
Federal agencies
The EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), the Forest Service and others hire on the General Schedule, the government's set pay ladder.
Industry
Factories, utilities and mines keep their own staff to stay inside their permits.
The exact path from high school to qualified.
A four-year science degree, then learn the regulations on the job.
High school diploma
Grade 12
Chemistry, biology and as much math as you can stand. A summer outdoors job helps more than it sounds.
Bachelor's degree
4 years
Environmental science, geology, chemistry, biology or environmental engineering. Two years at a community college then transferring is the cheap route and employers do not care.
Field and lab experience
During the degree
Summer internships, a state agency co-op or a professor's research project. Hiring managers look at this before they look at your grades.
Entry job
2 to 4 years
Staff scientist or field technician at a consulting firm or agency. You learn sampling protocol, chain of custody and how permits are written.
Master's degree or a credential
2 years, often part time
Optional, but it is how most people move from collecting data to running projects. Many employers pay for it.
Chemistry
The single most useful one. Contamination is chemistry.
Biology
Especially ecology, if your school offers it.
Statistics
Almost every conclusion in this job is a statistical one.
English
The report is the product. Nobody reads your sampling, they read your writing.
No state licenses the title environmental scientist, and anyone can use it. Two exceptions matter. If your work involves interpreting geology, most states require a professional geologist license to sign off on it. And if you work for a health department, the credential employers ask for is the registered environmental health specialist, also called registered sanitarian, awarded by the National Environmental Health Association and required by law in some states. Neither is needed for a first job.
The State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry
In Syracuse, New York. Bachelor's degrees in environmental science and environmental health, plus graduate research in climate, ecosystems and policy.
State flagship universities
Nearly every state has an environmental science or natural resources degree at its main public university, at in-state tuition.
Community colleges
Two years of general science credits that transfer, at roughly a third of the cost.
Land grant universities
Schools with big agriculture and forestry departments usually have the best field stations and the most summer research jobs.
Things you don't need, but that help.
Registered environmental health specialist
The standard credential for health department work, from the National Environmental Health Association.
Professional geologist license
Required in most states to sign geological reports. Needs a degree, experience and an exam.
Hazardous waste operations training
A 40-hour federal safety course with a yearly refresher. Required before you can set foot on a cleanup site.
Mapping software
Geographic information systems (GIS) skills are the fastest way to become the person everyone needs.
Certified hazardous materials manager
An experience-plus-exam credential that moves you toward managing cleanups rather than sampling them.
A driver's license
Almost every job includes driving a truck to sites. Some want a clean record for insurance.
Coding for data
Being able to run your own statistics instead of waiting for someone else is a genuine promotion accelerator.
Comfort outdoors in bad weather
Sampling happens in February too.
A summer on a field crew
Forestry, parks, fisheries. It proves you will not quit in week two.
Day to day, pros and cons, where you'd work.
Half the year is field work: load the truck at 6am, drive to a site, pull groundwater or soil samples, label everything, fill in the chain of custody forms and ship the cooler to the lab the same day. The other half is at a desk. The lab results come back as a spreadsheet, you compare them to the limits in the permit, and you write what it means. The real skill is explaining a number to someone who does not want to hear it, in language a lawyer and a plant manager can both use.
The good
The hard parts
Things people don't tell you.
The federal career profile counts 93,400 environmental scientists and specialists in 2025 and expects faster than average growth to 2035, with about 7,300 openings a year.
The federal government keeps a National Priorities List of the country's worst contaminated sites, known as Superfund sites. Each one needs sampling, monitoring and reporting for decades after the cleanup crews leave.
Environmental data is used in permits, fines and lawsuits, so every sample carries a signed chain of custody form tracking who touched it and when. Break the chain and the result cannot be used, no matter how good the lab was.
In the federal survey of environmental scientists and specialists, 47% said a new hire needs a bachelor's degree, the most common answer.
Every list is built from the same numbers shown above, so you can see where this career sits next to the others.
Environment and conservation first, then the rest of the field. See every career in science and environment.
Last checked October 2026. Pay figures are typical full-time annual amounts in United States dollars, based on Bureau of Labor Statistics wage data and published pay scales. They vary by state, employer and experience. Tuition is for in-state students at public schools unless the card says otherwise. How every figure on this site is sourced and checked.
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