Diagnose and treat teeth and gums, usually in a practice you end up owning yourself.
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The median pay is about $170,950 a year. Across everyone in the job it runs from about $86,250 at the lower end to about $319,630 at the upper end. The source is listed under Sources at the end of this page.
8 to 10 years after high school, on the usual route.
$190,000 to $425,000 all in for tuition, fees, exams and kit. Living costs are not counted.
Yes. It is a regulated job, so you need a license or registration before you can work.
Good demand nationally, from government outlook data. Demand varies by region, so check your area.
Or read the whole thing here
What you earn and what it costs to get there.
Median
$170,950
Bottom tenth
$86,250
Top tenth
$319,630
The national median is $170,950 a year, the bottom tenth earn $86,250 or less and the top tenth $319,630 or more (2025 federal wage survey). Be careful with these figures: the federal survey counts dentists who are paid a wage. A large share of dentists own their practice and take profits instead, so they are missing from the count and the real top end is higher.
72.5% are owners
The share of American dentists who owned a practice in 2023, down from 84.7% in 2005
Owners take profits, not a wage, so they are missing from the federal pay survey. New graduates usually start as an associate, paid a share of what they produce, and buy in later. A practice costs hundreds of thousands of dollars to buy, and banks lend to dentists readily because so few of these loans go bad.
$224,040 or more
What the best paid quarter of dentists on a wage earned in 2025
Salaried dentists in big group practices, community clinics and the military reach this level with experience. The biggest earners are mostly owners, who are not in these figures.
Roughly, all in
$190,000 to $425,000
Tuition, fees, exams and kit. Not rent, food or travel
The low end is a community college transfer into an in-state public bachelor's degree, then an in-state public dental school at the cheaper end of the range, plus the admission test and application fees. The high end is full price public undergraduate tuition followed by a private dental school at $90,000 a year or more once instruments and fees are counted. It is normal to graduate owing several hundred thousand dollars, and the interest on that, which is not in these numbers, adds a great deal more. Fill in the FAFSA (Free Application for Federal Student Aid) every year and look hard at in-state public dental schools before anything else.
Dental school is one of the most expensive degrees in the country and it is normal to graduate owing several hundred thousand dollars. Fill in the FAFSA (Free Application for Federal Student Aid) every year, and look hard at in-state public dental schools before anything else.
Associate percentage
Usually a share of what you produce or collect, with a daily minimum while you build speed.
Practice profits
As an owner you keep what is left after staff, rent, lab bills and supplies. It is a small business.
Loan repayment programs
Federal and state programs pay off part of your debt for working in a shortage area or a community health center.
Public Service Loan Forgiveness
Ten years at a nonprofit clinic or public hospital can cancel the rest of your federal loans.
The exact path from high school to qualified.
Eight years after high school, and the hard part is getting in, not getting through.
Bachelor's degree
4 years
Any major, but finish the required biology, chemistry, organic chemistry and physics with high grades.
Dental Admission Test
Junior year of college
A national exam covering sciences, reading and perceptual ability. The perceptual section tests spatial reasoning, not memory.
Apply through the national service
A year before you start
Most schools use the application service run by the American Dental Education Association, which sends one application to many schools.
Dental school
4 years
Four years for a DDS (doctor of dental surgery) or DMD (doctor of dental medicine). They are the same degree with different names.
Board exams and state license
Final year plus a few months
The Integrated National Board Dental Examination, a hands-on clinical exam, and registration with your state dental board.
Biology and chemistry
Required for every pre-dental track and the base of the admission test.
Physics
On the admission test, and it explains how forces work on a tooth.
Art, sculpture or woodwork
Genuinely useful. Dentistry is fine handwork in a space the size of a walnut.
Business or accounting
Most dentists end up running a small business with staff, payroll and rent.
Your state dental board does, and you cannot practice without its license. The written exam is national: the Integrated National Board Dental Examination, which replaced the older two-part board exams. States also require a clinical exam, and which testing agency they accept varies, so check the rules of the state you want to work in before your final year. Dental schools themselves are accredited by the Commission on Dental Accreditation, and you must graduate from an accredited school to sit the exams at all.
There are not many dental schools in the United States, and each takes a limited number of students a year. Admissions look at your science grade average, your admission test score, shadowing hours, and whether you can show manual dexterity. Many successful applicants spend a year after college strengthening an application. If you are aiming at this, work in a dental office first: it is the cheapest way to find out whether you actually like working in people's mouths.
Things you don't need, but that help.
Orthodontics
Two to three more years. Braces and aligners, predictable hours, very high pay.
Oral and maxillofacial surgery
Four to six more years, sometimes with a medical degree attached.
Pediatric dentistry
Two to three more years, treating children, including under sedation.
Endodontics
Two to three more years doing root canals all day, under a microscope.
Periodontics and prosthodontics
Gums and implants, or rebuilding whole mouths. Three more years each.
Working in a dental office first
As an assistant or receptionist. It tells you more than any amount of shadowing.
Fine handwork
Model building, carving, sewing, playing an instrument. Admissions committees ask about it for a reason.
A business head
The dentists who do well financially are usually the ones who understand their own numbers.
A backup plan you would enjoy
Most pre-dental students do not get in. Dental hygiene and other health paths are worth knowing about.
Federally qualified health centers, tribal health services and public clinics hire dentists on salary to treat people who otherwise get no care at all. The hours are fixed, you never run a business, and both federal loan repayment programs and Public Service Loan Forgiveness apply. For someone leaving dental school with heavy debt, a few years here can be worth it.
Day to day, pros and cons, where you'd work.
Start at eight with a huddle over the day's schedule. Then patient after patient in ten to twelve slots: exams, fillings, crown preparations, extractions, an emergency squeezed in at lunch. Between them you check the hygienist's patients and read X-rays. You are standing or perched most of the day, working through a mirror in a two inch space. At the end, notes, lab cases and, if you own the place, payroll and supplier invoices.
The good
The hard parts
Things people don't tell you.
Some schools award a DDS (doctor of dental surgery) and others a DMD (doctor of dental medicine). The curriculum, the licensing exams and the legal scope of practice are the same. The split is a historical accident from Harvard in the 1860s that nobody has bothered to fix.
The Dental Admission Test has a perceptual ability section: folding paper in your head, judging angles, reading three dimensional shapes from flat drawings. No other health profession admission test does this, and applicants often find it the hardest part.
In 2024, 16% of American dentists worked with a DSO (dental support organization), a company that runs the business side of many offices. Younger dentists are the most likely to.
Grand Rapids, Michigan became the first city in the world to fluoridate its water supply in 1945, after dentists noticed that people in areas with naturally high fluoride had far fewer cavities. Tooth decay rates in children fell sharply.
Every list is built from the same numbers shown above, so you can see where this career sits next to the others.
Dental and eye care first, then the rest of the field. See every career in health.
Last checked October 2026. Pay figures are typical full-time annual amounts in United States dollars, based on Bureau of Labor Statistics wage data and published pay scales. They vary by state, employer and experience. Tuition is for in-state students at public schools unless the card says otherwise. How every figure on this site is sourced and checked.
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