Optional · 1 of 3

Further training that changes your career

• Lung transplantation

  An extra fellowship, and it ties you to a major transplant center for the rest of your working life.

• Esophageal surgery

  A recognized sub-focus with its own complex cancer operations and a small number of high volume surgeons.

• Robotic surgery

  Formal training on a robotic platform. Increasingly expected rather than optional in new hires.

• Research years

  Two years in a laboratory during training is common at academic programs and is close to required for a university job later.