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Subspecialties within the subspecialty

• Transplant nephrology

  An extra year working with transplant surgeons on donor matching, rejection and immunosuppression.

• Interventional nephrology

  Placing and fixing dialysis access, a procedural skill that pays and that many groups lack.

• Critical care nephrology

  Kidney failure in the intensive care unit, often combined with a critical care fellowship.

• Onconephrology and glomerular disease

  Narrow academic niches built around rare and difficult disease.