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Where the work actually is
Cryptography
Making and breaking codes. One of the job titles the federal occupation database lists for this career.
Operations research
Scheduling, routing and supply chains. Airlines and shipping companies use it.
Computational mathematics
Simulating physical systems. Heavy on code and on very large computers.
Quantitative finance
Pricing and risk at trading firms and banks. A common exit from a math doctorate.
Biostatistics and modeling
Drug trials, epidemics, genetics.