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Where cardiologists specialize further

• Interventional cardiology

  One extra year. Opening blocked arteries with catheters and stents, including emergency heart attack cases.

• Electrophysiology

  One to two extra years. The heart's electrical system: pacemakers, defibrillators and ablations.

• Heart failure and transplant

  One extra year. Managing failing hearts, pumps and transplant patients.

• Cardiac imaging

  Echocardiography and advanced scans. Clinic hours, no overnight catheterization calls.

• Adult congenital heart disease

  Caring for adults born with heart defects, a group that keeps growing as childhood surgery improves.