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Where heart surgeons specialize

• Adult cardiac surgery

  Bypass grafts and valve replacement. The bulk of the work.

• Congenital heart surgery

  Operating on babies and children. A further certificate after cardiothoracic training.

• Transplant and mechanical support

  Heart transplants and implanted pumps. Small, intense, hospital-based programs.

• Aortic surgery

  Repairing the body's largest artery, often as an emergency.

• Minimally invasive and robotic

  Smaller incisions, faster recovery, a growing share of cases.